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What is Microbiota?

Microbiota / October 21, 2023 / 3 minutes read.

What is Microbiota?

Microbiota is the name given to the total of microscopic organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes) found on and inside body surfaces. The microbiota of humans and other organisms is shaped under the influence of evolutionary and environmental factors in a unique way for each individual. However, the most dense and complex microbiota is found in human intestines.

Intestines are Described as the Second Brain

The intestines are described as the second brain because they play an important role that is not limited to digestive functions alone. The intestinal microbiota has a great impact on the health and functionality of this organ. Here are the reasons why the intestines are called the second brain:

  1. Nervous System Interaction: The intestines are equipped with an independent neural network called the enteric nervous system. This neural network helps the intestines work independently. Additionally, it establishes a continuous communication line between the intestines and the brain. Therefore, the intestines are part of many processes that affect our emotional and mental health.
  2. Hormonal Effect: The intestinal microbiota can affect the production and release of digestive hormones. These hormones can regulate various functions in the body while also affecting mood and behavior.
  3. Immune System: The intestines are an important component of the immune system. The microbiota can affect immune cells and is necessary for the immune system to function properly. This further emphasizes the role of the intestines in protecting the body against diseases and fighting infections.

Concept of Good and Bad Bacteria

Classifying bacteria within the microbiota as good and bad is a simple concept, but in reality it is more complex. Some bacteria are beneficial for humans because they help in digestion, support the immune system, and prevent the growth of harmful microbes. Such bacteria are called probiotics.

On the other hand, some bacteria can cause diseases or lead to poor health outcomes. However, whether a bacterium is considered good or bad should be evaluated in context due to the complexity of the intestinal microbiota. Ideally, the microbiota should be in balance and various types of bacteria should work in harmony.

Diseases that Occur When Microbiota is Disrupted

Disruption of microbiota balance can lead to many health problems. This condition is called “dysbiosis” and can lead to the following diseases:

1. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): Imbalance in the intestinal microbiota can cause worsening of IBS symptoms. For more information about IBS, you can read our article on bloating and gas.

2. Obesity: Microbiota composition can increase the risk of obesity and affect body weight.

3. Immune System Problems: Imbalanced microbiota can lead to immune system problems such as autoimmune diseases.

4. Mental Health Problems: The intestinal microbiota can affect mental health problems such as depression and anxiety.

5. Gastrointestinal Problems: Microbiota imbalances can contribute to gastrointestinal problems such as inflammatory bowel disease. Fecal transplantation can be used in the treatment of these diseases.

In conclusion, the intestinal microbiota has a great impact on our body’s health and is therefore called a “second brain.” The balanced work of good and bad bacteria is important for a healthy microbiota. When the microbiota is disrupted, a series of diseases and health problems can occur. Therefore, it is important to maintain and support a balanced microbiota.

By: Prof. Dr. Hakan Demirci
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